Dandruff is a common scalp condition characterized by the shedding of dead skin cells from the scalp, resulting in white or yellowish flakes that are visible on the hair and shoulders.
Here’s an overview of its symptoms, causes, and treatments:

Consulting a dermatologist is recommended for persistent or severe dandruff that does not respond to over-the-counter treatments. By addressing underlying causes and implementing targeted therapies, dandruff can be effectively managed, leading to a healthier, flake-free scalp.

The primary symptom of dandruff is the presence of white or yellowish flakes on the scalp and in the hair. Other symptoms may include:

Itching: The scalp may feel itchy or irritated, especially when the flakes are present.

Dryness: The scalp may appear dry and flaky, with small, white scales accumulating on the skin’s surface.

Redness: In some cases, dandruff may cause mild redness or inflammation on the scalp.

Oily Scalp: Dandruff can occur in individuals with both dry and oily scalps, but it may appear more greasy in those with excess oil production.

The exact cause of dandruff is not fully understood, but several factors may contribute to its development:

Malassezia: A type of fungus called Malassezia is found on the scalp of most adults. In some individuals, this fungus can overgrow, leading to scalp irritation and increased shedding of skin cells.

Seborrheic Dermatitis: Dandruff is often associated with seborrheic dermatitis, a common skin condition characterized by redness, itching, and flaking in areas rich in oil glands, such as the scalp, face, and upper chest.

Dry Skin: Dry skin on the scalp can lead to flaking and dandruff, especially in cold, dry weather or with frequent shampooing.

Hormonal Changes: Hormonal fluctuations, such as those occurring during puberty, pregnancy, or menstruation, may exacerbate dandruff symptoms.

Stress: Psychological stress can trigger or worsen dandruff symptoms in some individuals.

Treatment options for dandruff include:

Anti-Dandruff Shampoos: Over-the-counter shampoos containing ingredients like zinc pyrithione, selenium sulfide, ketoconazole, coal tar, or salicylic acid can help reduce dandruff symptoms by targeting the underlying causes.

Medicated Shampoos: Prescription-strength shampoos or topical treatments may be recommended for more severe cases of dandruff or seborrheic dermatitis.

Scalp Care: Practicing good scalp hygiene, including regular shampooing with a gentle, pH-balanced shampoo and avoiding harsh hair products, can help prevent and manage dandruff.

Lifestyle Changes: Managing stress, eating a balanced diet rich in vitamins and minerals, and staying hydrated can support overall scalp health and reduce dandruff symptoms.